Birth order linked to 150 health conditions in study of 10 million American siblings

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New study links birth order to distinct health patterns

Marc Siegel analyzes a study of 10 million children indicating that birth order shapes health risks.First-born siblings show higher rates of ADHD and autism, while second-born children face increased risks for migraines.Siegel joins Ainsley Earhardt to explain how parental attention and immune system development drive these stark differences.

Whether someone is the older or younger sibling may be linked to certain health outcomes later in life, according to a massive new study.

Analyzingmedical datafrom 10 million U.S.siblings over two decades, researchers from the University of Chicago and Columbia University found links suggesting that birth order may be connected to specific long-term health risks.

Researchers examined 569 disease categories across families and among siblings, identifying 150 conditions that were significantly associated with birth order.

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First-born children showed a higher likelihood of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, includingautism, ADHD, Tourette’s and OCD, as well as immune-allergic conditions like food allergies.

Second-born children were statistically more prone tomigraines, shingles, substance use disorders and gastrointestinal issues like gastritis.

Three-year-old girl embraces her one-year-old brother on a paved walkway in a backyard garden.

First-born children showed higher rates of neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism, ADHD, Tourette’s and OCD, as well as an increased prevalence of allergies.(iStock)

Discussing the findings on �Friends,” Dr.

“I love this study because it opens a lot of questions more than it gives answers, but I think I have some answers,” the doctor said.

Regarding the heightened prevalence of ADHD among first-borns, Siegel offered his own hypothesis about parental behavior.

“My theory, they get more stimuli.The parents are like hovering over them, helicoptering them … and they don’t know where to look,” he said.

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Addressing the disparities inallergic conditions, Siegel pointed to early environmental exposure, stating, “I think it’s because the firstborn’s immune system hasn’t seen the environment before.And if it’s not set properly, you get an allergy.”

Three teenagers sit in the backseat of a car being driven through a town.

Differences in parental focus, early microbial exposure and maternal biological changes between pregnancies could help explain the distinct health patterns, the doctor said.(iStock)

Siegel also touched on biological and psychological factors when evaluating differences between siblings.

“I think the womb changes after you have your first child, and the second child gets a womb that’s already been used.So therefore, it’s more set for it,” he said.

Regarding the higher rate ofsubstance use disordersamong second-born children, Siegel suggested emotional drivers, saying, “it may be the same idea: ‘I want attention.I’m looking for attention.I wanna do something to get a rise out of you.'”

While the research highlights patterns across a large population, the study comes with limitations.

The study highlights population-level statistical correlations, but it does not prove that birth order directly causes any specific medical condition.(iStock)

The findings demonstrate correlations rather than direct causation, meaning the trends don’t necessarily stem from physiological changes, early microbial exposures or social dynamics.

Additionally, the data relies on commercial health insurance claims, which can reflect differences in diagnosis, healthcare-seeking behavior andparental attentionrather than true biological functions alone.

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Factors such as the age of parents between births and varying age gaps between siblings also complicate these associations.Ultimately, researchers emphasized that birth order serves as a modest population-level risk marker rather than a definitive health predictor.

The research was published in the journal Nature Health.

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